---------- Forwarded message ----------Saima, this is a very interesting topic. since turkey is my home country, i can suggest some readings on the rise of Turkish secularism. i studied this topic sometime ago, so i know the basic theoretical approaches to your question.
>Date: Fri, 26 Nov 1999 17:59:30 +0500 (PKT)
>From: Saima Alvi <01020098@ravi.lums.edu.pk>
>To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK <wsn@csf.colorado.edu>
>Cc: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK <wsn@csf.colorado.edu>
>Subject: Ottoman Empire vs. Sub-continent>hi,
>I need some help with sources (books/articles/web-addresses >etc.)
>regarding the Research paper i am working on.>basically, the paper will focus on COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS of >the
>international/domestic historical (social, political, economic >etc.)
>trends and events that led up to:>a. division of Ottoman empire along religious/secular lines, >thus
>ultimately leading to rise of a secular nation-state of Turkey
1. a number of scholars have singled out the specific domestic origins of the process of secularization and modernization that are unique to the Republican Turkey. These scholars focus on the position of the state in relation to traditional Islam, pointing out the tensions between the authoritarian secularism of the republican elite at the "center" and the people congenial to Islamic values on the "periphery". This model is advocated by famous Serif Mardin ( at the American University currently) and is called "center-periphery" model. Mardin traces the origins of secularism in Turkey to Young Turk ideology. This ideology emerged at the height of the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire as a means of "saving the state". i do not explicitly remember the details of the model now, but Serif's works are particularly useful in mapping the ideology of turkish nationalism, its intellectual origins and socio-historical circumstances. Some others have written extensively on the turkish national struggle and establishment of the national bourgeois regime of one party period, with RPP as the founding party of the republic(1923-1946). This party is the historical precedent of the Social Democratic Party in Turkey.
2. in addition to the historical specificity of Turkish secularism, some Turkish marxists have focused on the "class" aspects of the nation-state formation. For example, Taha Parla (my prof. back to Bosporus University) sees the nation-state and the Kemalist ideology (cadre that won a victory against the British) of one party period as means to achieve "corporate capitalism"-- a specific form of capitalism that aims at reorganizing class relations and overcoming class conflict through a cooperative alliance of state-big industry and large estate owners in the country side; As opposed to competitive capitalism, corporate capitalism does not allow unions to exist or it subjects them to control of the state. The bottom line of Parla's argument is that the turkish national revolution was not a revolution in the MArxist sense; it was a petty bourgeois transformation from the multi-national Ottoman empire to the establishment of the nation state, and a series of radical reforms aimed at modernization (abolishment of caliphate and Islam as the religion of the state, ingtoduction of latin alphabet, western laws, women's rights, etc.). Founders (leaders) of the regime were petty bourgeois officers recruited from the Ottoman army.
Some Marxists totally reject Parla's reading. Instead, they focus on the anti-imperialist (patriotic) struggle of the nationalists. Dogan Avcioglu can be categorized in this group. given that the secular-Kemalist-leftist intellectuals largely associate themselves with the ideals of the founding Party (RPP), different leftist groups, in the 60s and 70s, tried to cultivate the leftist dimensions of the Republican ideology (kemalism) in their struggle against the rise of right wing parties, islamic fundamentalism, and US navy settled in the country.
you can also see the books and articles of Resat Kasaba, Zafer Toprak, Caglar Keyder and Sevket Pamuk. they have written extensively on the political economy the Ottomon empire, nation-state, and their place in the world system.
accordingly, you may wish to see the following resources:
Serif Mardin, " Religion and Politics in Modern Turkey"
in James Piscatori ed., _Islam in the Political Process_ (New York: Cambridge,
1983).
Sami Zubaida, _Islam, the People and the State_. London,
1993.
Sami Zubaida, "Islam, Cultural Nationalism and the Left", _Review Of Middle East Studies_, no.4, 1988.
Feroz Ahmad, _The Making of Modern Turkey_ London: Routledge, 1986,
Taha Parla, _Kemalism, Corporatism and the Political Thought of Ziya Gokalp_
Pinson, Mark., Turkish revolution and reform (1919-1928) in Soviet historiography / Mark Pinson. -- [Washington, : s.n., 1963?]
Moon,Parker Thomas., Imperialism and world politics / by Parker Thomas Moon. -- 20. print. -- New York : The MacMillan Co., 1964.
***Inalcik, Halil., The caliphate and Atatürk's Inkilab / Halil Inalcik. -- Ankara : Türk Tarih Kurumu, 1982.
***2219 INALCIK, H. _An Economic and Social History of the Ottoman Empire_. Vol. 1: 1300 1600. 476pp. 1997. £17.95
This one is a classic book:
**** The Development of Secularism in Turkey by
NIYAZI BERKES . University of Massachusetts-Boston, 1995.
"The Kemalist Revolution in Comparative Perspective (S.N. Eisenstadt)" and "Religion and Secularism in Turkey (Serif Mardin)" "Kemalist Economic Policies and Etatism" (K. Boratav)n _Atatürk: Founder of a Modern State_ A. KAZANCIGIL & E. ÖZBUDUN (eds.)
ZURCHER, E. Turkey: A Modern History. Revised PB Ed. 384pp. 1997. £15.95 PB
*** OWEN & PAMUK A History of Middle East Economies in the Twentieth Century. 300pp. 1998. £35.00 HB £12.95 PB
Camilla Trud Nereid, In the Light of Said Nursi: Turkish Nationalism and the Religious Alternative [1997; x, 121 pp.; £ 20]. ISBN 1-85065-309-7.
The Nurcu movement has maintained a religious-political opposition to the Turkish state since it was founded. This main cause has often been seen in the state's secularism, this study refutes this and focuses on the differing views on Turkish nationalism as the main reason for the repression of the movement.
***Serif Mardin, _Religion and Social Change in Modern Turkey_, New York 1989
***Immanuel Wallerstein. "The Ottoman Empire and the Capitalist World Economy," Review, II/3, 1979, 389-400.
***Bernard Lewis, _The Emergence of Modern Turkey_, Oxford, 1968. Bernard Lewis, "The Impact of the French Revolution on Turkey," Journal of World History, I, 1953, 105-125.
***Bernard Lewis, "The Tanzimat and Social Equality," in Jean-Louis Bacque-Grammont and Paul Dumont (eds), Economie et societes dans l'empire ottoman (Fin du XVIIIe -Debut du XXe siecle), Paris, 1983, pp. 47-54. [at MSU, HC 492 .E356 1983]
***Serif Mardin. _The Genesis of Young Ottoman Thought_, Princeton, 1962.
Serif Mardin, "L'alienation des jeunes turcs: essai d'explication partielle d'une 'conscience revolutionnaire'," in Bacque-Grammont and Dumont volume [see week 12], pp. 157-165.
David Kushner. _The Rise of Turkish Nationalism_, 1876-1908, London 1977
***Sevket Pamuk, The Ottoman Empire and European Capitalism, 1820-1913, Cambridge, 1987.
***Halil Inalcik "The Ottoman Economic Mind and Aspects of the Ottoman Economy"
Ahmad, Feroz. _The Young Turks: The Committee of Union and Progress in Turkish Politics, 1908-1911_. London: Oxford University Press, 1972.
***Anderson, Perry. _Lineages of the Absolutist State_. London: New Left Books, 1974.
***Berberoglu, Berch. _Turkey in Crisis: From State Capitalism to Neo-Colonialism_. London: Zed Press, 1982.
***Finkel, Andrew, and Nükhet Sirman, eds. _Turkish State, Turkish Society_. New York: Routledge, 1990.
***Göçek, Fatma Müge. _East Encounters West: France and the Ottoman Empire in the 18th Century_. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987.
***Gökalp, Ziya. _The Principles of Turkism_. Trans., Robert Devereux. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1968. (classic by a turkish nationalist elite).
Heper, Metin. "Islam, Polity, and Society in Turkey: A
Middle Eastern Perspective," _Middle East Journal_, 35, No. 3, Summer
1981, 345-63.
Heper, Metin. _The State Tradition in Turkey_. Huntingdon, United Kingdom: Eothen Press, 1985.
***Heyd, Uriel. _Foundations of Turkish Nationalism: The Life and Teachings of Ziya Gökalp_. London: Luzac, 1950. (this is a classic too, from a european perspective)
***Inalcik, Halil. "The Heyday and Decline of the Ottoman Empire." Pages 324-53 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: The Classical Age, 1300-1600. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1973.
Inalcik, Halil. The Ottoman Empire: Conquest, Organization, and Economy. London: Variorum, 1978.
Inalcik, Halil. "The Rise of the Ottoman Empire." Pages 293-323 in P.M. Holt, Ann K.S. Lambton, and Bernard Lewis, eds., The Cambridge History of Islam, 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970.
***Islamoglu-Inan, Huri, ed. _The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy. New York: Cambridge University Press_, 1987.
***Issawi, Charles. The Economic History of Turkey, 1800-1914. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981.
***Karpat, Kemal H. "The Memoirs of N. Batzaria: The Young Turks and Nationalism," _International Journal of Middle East Studies_, 6, No. 3, July 1975, 276-99.
***Karpat, Kemal H. "The Transformation of the Ottoman State, 1789-1908," _International Journal of Middle East Studies_, 3, No. 3, July 1972, 243-81.
***Kasaba, Resat. _The Ottoman Empire and the World Economy: The 19th Century_. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1988.
Keyder, Çaglar. "Port Cities in the Ottoman Empire: Some Theoretical and Historical Perspectives," _Review_, 16, No. 4, 1993, 519-58.
Nawawi, Mohammad A. "The Political-Economic Ideas and Achievements of the Kemalist Revolution: A Tentative Evaluation," _International Journal of Turkish Studies_, 2, No. 2, Winter 1981-82, 1-14.
***Parla, Taha. The Social and Political Thought of Ziya Gökalp, 1876-1924. Leiden, Netherlands: E.J. Brill, 1985.
***Ramazanoglu, Huseyin. Turkey in the World Capitalist System: A Study of Industrialization, Power, and Class. Brookfield, Vermont: Gower, 1985.
***Shaw, Stanford J., and Ezel Kural Shaw. History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey. (2 vols.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1976.
***Gulalp, Haldun. "A Postmodern Reaction to Dependent Modernization: The Social and Historical Roots of Islamic Radicalism,"_New Perspectives on Turkey_, No. 8, Fall 1992, 15-26.
***Mardin, Serif A. "Religion in Modern Turkey," _International Social Science Journal_, 29, No. 2, 1977, 279-97
***Keyder, Caglar. State and Class in Turkey: A Study in Capitalist Development. New York: Verso, 1987.
**Magnarella, Paul. "Desecularization, State Corporatism, and Development in Turkey," Journal of Third World Studies, 6, No. 2, 1989, 32-49.
World-System Theory and Ottoman History at
http://www-transportation.eng.ohio-state.edu/association/ayse/html/ottoman.htm
2. For India, Chatterjee's works are VERY IMPORTANT. One of his articles is a critical response to Anderson's _Imagined Communities_
Partha Chatterjee, _Nationalist Thought and Colonial World: A Derivative Discourse_ (ZEd Press, 1986)
Partha C., _The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Post-Colonial Fragments_, Princeton University Press, 1988.
Partha C. (critique of Anderson), "Whose Imagined Community?",
_Millenium: Journal of International Studies_, vol.20, no.3, 1991.
hope this helps,
--
Mine Aysen Doyran
PhD Student
Department of Political Science
SUNY at Albany
Nelson A. Rockefeller College
135 Western Ave.; Milne 102
Albany, NY 12222