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Professor Williamson's research paper in the context of Arrighi and Kohler
by Tausch, Arno
10 January 2000 11:57 UTC
Jeffrey Williamson's research paper is - I feel - a must for any world
system scholar. It focuses on real wages and relative factor prices in the
Mediterranean 1820-1940, and has far-reaching implications for our debate
especially in the context of Giovanni Arrighi's and Gernot Kohler's
theories, and also for migration policy research:
http://www.economics.harvard.edu/faculty/jwilliam/papers/1842.html
The paper also important political consequences - I feel - for the present
debate about EU-enlargement, as a glance at my own new database about wages
and incomes in Europe after 1965 can tell. I condensed for you my most
recent research findings, which I could make available to you upon request -
in German language, unfortunately.
My own data largely support the Arrighi/Kohler approach of international
fluctuations and international exploitation, from which the semi-periphery
escapes only temporarily, to fall back again and again after certain upward
swings. Sorry not to have been able technically to include the graphs:
Average monthly wages ($) Latest As of Year ago
Bulgaria 108.0 8-99 100.0
Croatia 616.0 7-99 646.0
Czech Republic 361.0 9-99 374.0
Estonia 304.6 6-99 284.6
Hungary 327.0 8-99 292.0
Latvia 238.0 11-98 211.8
Lithuania 269.7 8-99 228.3
Poland 375.0 8-99 372.0
Romania 127.0 7-99 154.0
Russia 64.0 8-99 156.0
Slovakia 257.0 8-99 279.0
Slovenia 934.0 8-99 929.0
US Sate Department:'Minimum wage legislation covers full-time workers as
well as rural workers and domestic employees ages 18 years and over. For
1998, the monthly minimum wage was approximately $336 and was generally
enforced. Along with widespread rent controls, basic food and utility
subsidies, and phased implementation of a minimum guaranteed income, the
minimum wage affords a basic standard of living for a worker and family.
According to the latest figures available, 9.2 percent of the workforce was
receiving minimum wage and the average monthly wage in Portugal was $777.'
Hourly compensation costs in U.S. dollars for production workers in
manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups,
selected years, 1975-97
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________
Country or area 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995
1996 1997
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________
United States .......... $6.36 $9.87 $13.01 $14.91 $16.51 $16.87 $17.19
$17.70 $18.24
Canada ................. 5.96 8.67 10.94 15.84 16.43 15.85 16.04
16.66 16.55
Mexico ................. 1.47 2.21 1.59 1.58 2.40 2.47 1.51
1.54 1.75
Australia .............. 5.62 8.47 8.20 13.07 12.49 14.02 15.05
16.52 16.00
Hong Kong SAR 1 ........ .76 1.51 1.73 3.20 4.29 4.61 4.82
5.14 5.42
Israel ................. 2.25 3.79 4.06 8.55 8.82 9.19 10.54
10.99 12.05
Japan .................. 3.00 5.52 6.34 12.80 19.21 21.35 23.82
20.91 19.37
Korea .................. .32 .96 1.23 3.71 5.64 6.40 7.29
8.09 7.22
New Zealand ............ 3.21 5.33 4.47 8.33 8.01 8.93 10.11
11.03 11.02
Singapore .............. .84 1.49 2.47 3.78 5.25 6.29 7.33
8.32 8.24
Sri Lanka .............. .28 .22 .28 .35 .42 .45 .48
.48 -
Taiwan ................. .40 1.00 1.50 3.93 5.23 5.55 5.92
5.93 5.89
Austria ................ 4.51 8.88 7.58 17.75 20.16 21.51 25.21
24.66 21.92
Belgium ................ 6.41 13.11 8.97 19.17 21.44 23.07 26.65
25.89 22.82
Denmark ................ 6.28 10.83 8.13 18.04 19.11 20.30 24.07
24.11 22.02
Finland ................ 4.61 8.24 8.16 21.03 16.63 19.06 24.14
23.56 21.44
France ................. 4.52 8.94 7.52 15.49 16.79 17.63 20.01
19.92 17.97
Germany 2 .............. 6.31 12.25 9.53 21.88 25.32 27.03 32.22
31.79 28.28
Greece ................. 1.69 3.73 3.66 6.76 7.23 7.73 9.17
9.59 -
Ireland ................ 3.03 5.95 5.92 11.66 11.89 12.39 13.57
13.85 13.57
Italy .................. 4.67 8.15 7.63 17.45 15.80 15.89 16.21
17.73 16.74
Luxembourg ............. 6.50 12.03 7.81 16.74 18.74 20.33 23.35
22.55 -
Netherlands ............ 6.58 12.06 8.75 18.06 20.08 20.80 24.02
23.08 20.61
Norway ................. 6.77 11.59 10.37 21.47 20.21 20.97 24.38
25.05 23.72
Portugal ............... 1.58 2.06 1.53 3.77 4.50 4.60 5.37
5.58 5.29
Spain .................. 2.53 5.89 4.66 11.38 11.62 11.54 12.88
13.51 12.16
Sweden ................. 7.18 12.51 9.66 20.93 17.59 18.62 21.44
24.37 22.24
Switzerland ............ 6.09 11.09 9.66 20.86 22.63 24.91 29.30
28.34 24.19
United Kingdom ......... 3.37 7.56 6.27 12.70 12.41 12.80 13.67
14.13 15.47
Trade-weighted measures 3
All 28 foreign economies .. 3.83 6.60 6.74 12.33 14.32 15.01 16.38
16.09 15.25
OECD 4 .................... 4.25 7.30 7.39 13.46 15.55 16.27 17.75
17.37 16.40
less Mexico, Korea 5 .... 4.82 8.30 8.48 15.51 17.78 18.57 20.39
19.90 18.77
Europe .................... 5.10 9.90 7.96 17.31 18.36 19.33 22.10
22.19 20.46
European Union ............ 5.03 9.83 7.85 17.09 18.14 19.05 21.75
21.87 20.24
Asian NIEs ................ .52 1.17 1.65 3.72 5.19 5.78 6.40
6.87 6.65
____________________________________________________________________________
_____________
Dash means data not available.
1 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
2 Former West Germany.
3 For description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see the
Technical
Notes preceding these tables.
4 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
5 Mexico joined the OECD in 1994, and Korea joined in 1996.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September
1998.
Indexes of hourly compensation costs for production workers in
manufacturing, 29 countries or areas and selected economic groups,
selected years, 1975-97
(Index, United States = 100)
____________________________________________________________________________
__
Country or area 1975 1980 1985 1990 1993 1994 1995 1996
1997
____________________________________________________________________________
__
United States .......... 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
100
Canada ................. 94 88 84 106 100 94 93 94
91
Mexico ................. 23 22 12 11 15 15 9 9
10
Australia .............. 88 86 63 88 76 83 88 93
88
Hong Kong SAR 1 ........ 12 15 13 21 26 27 28 29
30
Israel ................. 35 38 31 57 53 54 61 62
66
Japan .................. 47 56 49 86 116 127 139 118
106
Korea .................. 5 10 9 25 34 38 42 46
40
New Zealand ............ 50 54 34 56 49 53 59 62
60
Singapore .............. 13 15 19 25 32 37 43 47
45
Sri Lanka .............. 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3
-
Taiwan ................. 6 10 12 26 32 33 34 34
32
Austria ................ 71 90 58 119 122 128 147 139
120
Belgium ................ 101 133 69 129 130 137 155 146
125
Denmark ................ 99 110 62 121 116 120 140 136
121
Finland ................ 72 83 63 141 101 113 140 133
118
France ................. 71 91 58 104 102 105 116 113
99
Germany 2 .............. 99 124 73 147 153 160 187 180
155
Greece ................. 27 38 28 45 44 46 53 54
-
Ireland ................ 48 60 46 78 72 73 79 78
74
Italy .................. 73 83 59 117 96 94 94 100
92
Luxembourg ............. 102 122 60 112 114 121 136 127
-
Netherlands ............ 103 122 67 121 122 123 140 130
113
Norway ................. 106 117 80 144 122 124 142 142
130
Portugal ............... 25 21 12 25 27 27 31 32
29
Spain .................. 40 60 36 76 70 68 75 76
67
Sweden ................. 113 127 74 140 107 110 125 138
122
Switzerland ............ 96 112 74 140 137 148 170 160
133
United Kingdom ......... 53 77 48 85 75 76 80 80
85
Trade-weighted measures 3
All 28 foreign economies .. 60 67 52 83 87 89 95 91
84
OECD 4 .................... 67 74 57 90 94 96 103 98
90
less Mexico, Korea 5 .... 76 84 65 104 108 110 119 112
103
Europe .................... 80 100 61 116 111 115 129 125
112
European Union ............ 79 100 60 115 110 113 127 124
111
Asian NIEs ................ 8 12 13 25 31 34 37 39
36
____________________________________________________________________________
__
Dash means data not available.
1 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of China.
2 Former West Germany.
3 For description of trade-weighted measures and economic groups, see
the Technical Notes preceding these tables.
4 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
5 Mexico joined the OECD in 1994, and Korea joined in 1996.
Source: U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, September
1998.
Wages in the European Periphery and in Austria:
A IRE ITA POR SP GR
1975 100 67 104 35 56 37
1980 100 67 92 23 66 42
1985 100 78 101 20 61 48
1990 100 66 98 21 64 38
1993 100 59 78 22 58 36
1994 100 58 74 21 54 36
1995 100 54 64 21 51 36
1996 100 56 72 23 55 39
1997 100 62 76 24 55
EU = 100
A ITA IRE POR SP GR EU
1975 90 93 60 31 50 34 100
1980 90 83 61 21 60 38 100
1985 97 97 75 19 59 47 100
1990 104 102 68 22 67 40 100
1993 111 87 66 25 64 40 100
1994 113 83 65 24 61 41 100
1995 116 75 62 25 59 42 100
1996 113 81 63 26 62 44 100
1997 108 83 67 26 60 100
(GNP per capita in US $) 'Social Indicators of Development'
A PL POR SPA GRE ITA IRE
1965 1270 460 690 710 1260 970
1966 1390 500 790 780 1390 1040
1967 1490 570 880 850 1530 1130
1968 1610 650 960 950 1670 1220
1969 1760 700 1050 1060 1830 1290
1970 1950 790 1100 1170 1990 1350
1971 2170 890 1220 1300 2140 1520
1972 2580 1050 1470 1500 2430 1830
1973 3360 1400 1930 1860 3050 2250
1974 4360 1720 2520 2140 3700 2660
1975 5150 1910 3000 2590 4020 3020
1976 5560 2040 3180 2760 4180 2930
1977 6160 2120 3370 2890 4430 3190
1978 6980 2200 3730 3340 4980 3680
1979 8850 2500 4620 4080 6380 4570
1980 10660 2900 5660 4660 8010 5690
1981 10400 2980 5770 4590 8220 6060
1982 9590 1490 2830 5220 4230 7710 5710
1983 8770 1680 2480 4500 3760 7140 5100
1984 8630 1960 2220 4230 3620 7230 5000
1985 8740 2020 2220 4200 3490 7480 4990
1986 9980 2060 2700 4980 3720 8770 5640
1987 12790 1980 3630 6540 4270 11340 7280
1988 16860 2010 4830 8640 5250 14870 9050
1989 17980 1990 5410 9770 5630 16050 9720
1990 19310 1730 6100 11100 5960 17360 11030
1991 20470 1840 7000 12420 6490 18810 11700
1992 23170 1970 8630 14140 7350 21050 13010
1993 23510 2260 9130 13590 7390 19840 13000
A PL POR SPA GRE ITA IRE
1965 100 36 54 56 99 76
1966 100 36 57 56 100 75
1967 100 38 59 57 103 76
1968 100 40 60 59 104 76
1969 100 40 60 60 104 73
1970 100 41 56 60 102 69
1971 100 41 56 60 99 70
1972 100 41 57 58 94 71
1973 100 42 57 55 91 67
1974 100 39 58 49 85 61
1975 100 37 58 50 78 59
1976 100 37 57 50 75 53
1977 100 34 55 47 72 52
1978 100 32 53 48 71 53
1979 100 28 52 46 72 52
1980 100 27 53 44 75 53
1981 100 29 55 44 79 58
1982 100 16 30 54 44 80 60
1983 100 19 28 51 43 81 58
1984 100 23 26 49 42 84 58
1985 100 23 25 48 40 86 57
1986 100 21 27 50 37 88 57
1987 100 15 28 51 33 89 57
1988 100 12 29 51 31 88 54
1989 100 11 30 54 31 89 54
1990 100 9 32 57 31 90 57
1991 100 9 34 61 32 92 57
1992 100 9 37 61 32 91 56
1993 100 10 39 58 31 84 55
http://www.ciesin.org/prod/charlotte
Synopsis (1997/1998):
GNP per capita (A=100) wages(A=100)
A 100 100
IRE 81 62
I 78 76
SP 53 55
GR 44 38
POR 40 24
Kind regards, Arno Tausch
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