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The Pakistan connection by Louis Proyect 15 September 2001 20:27 UTC |
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September 15, 2001 THE PAKISTANIS A Pledge of Support in a U.S. War Against Terrorists By CHRISTOPHER S. WREN Pakistan has promised to "cooperate fully" with the United States in its effort to forge an international coalition against the terrorists behind the attacks this week on New York and Washington. The pledge of cooperation, first made by the country's military ruler, Gen. Pervez Musharraf earlier this week, was reportedly reiterated today following an extraordinary high-level meeting of the Pakistani cabinet and National Security Council in the the capital, Islamabad. === The Guardian (London), November 23, 1995 PAKISTAN IS SECRET OF TALIBAN'S SUCCESS; By John-Thor Dahlburg IT HAS been one of the most breathtaking advances in the annals of modern warfare: master of little more than a single city in Afghanistan a year ago, the Taliban now controls more than half the country. And standing at the gates of Kabul, the Muslim fundamentalists announced at the weekend that they had launched their final assault to overrun the capital and chase President Burhanuddin Rabbani from office. Many observers believe it is only a matter of time before the political map of a country mauled by more than 15 years of warfare will be changed decisively. The Taliban, a motley band of fighters chiefly composed of inexperienced but courageous Islamic students, credits its lightning success to its creed and to Allah. "The only real superpower is Allah," said a commander, Mulvi Abdul Samad. But in the rugged countryside of Baluchistan, the sparsely populated Pakistani province of mountain and desert that runs parallel to Afghanistan for 670 miles, more worldly reasons come to light. Attracted by the sacred Islamic ideal of jihad, or holy war, young Pakistanis have flooded across the border to embrace Kalashnikov rifles and the Taliban's cause. And, despite repeated official denials, the Islamic republic of Pakistan has given enormous support to the Muslim Afghan fighters in the past year, the Los Angeles Times has learnt. "Pakistan has decided not to give financial or military support to any faction of the Afghans," the prime minister, Benazir Bhutto, told an Iranian audience earlier this month. But from Pakistan have come petrol for the Taliban's tanks, aircraft and armoured vehicles, lorry convoys filled with munitions and other supplies, and telecommunications equipment, experts and advice. "This is the work of the Lawrence of Arabias of the ISI (Inter-Services Intelligence)," said an opposition senator, Abdur Rahim Khan Mandokhel of Baluchistan, who accuses the government of trying to play puppet-master in Afghanistan. === The Guardian (London) April 8, 1995 MUFTI IQBAL'S SCHOOL FOR MARTYRS; 'Rent-a-jihad' groups are sending out Muslims, including foreigners, to fight abroad. Benazir Bhutto must crack down on fundamentalism to prove her pro-Western credentials, but dare not go too far. Kathy Evans in Peshawar reports on her dilemma By Kathy Evans THE bearded mullah sat cross-legged on the floor, fingering his beard thoughtfully. "No, money is not a problem. We have many supporters and they help us keep the jihad going," Mufti Iqbal smiled. Mufti Iqbal is the Karachi front man for Harakat al Ansar, one of Pakistan's numerous "rent-a-jihad" services. It is his job to recruit local volunteers, receive foreign Muslims, and send them on to jihads of their choosing. It is one of Pakistan's growing businesses. The focus of Harakat's attention is Kashmir, the slither of territory claimed by both India and Pakistan. Liberating the Kashmiri Muslims from the Indian yoke is a national cause in Pakistan shared by government and the man in the street. Mufti Iqbal, himself an Afghan jihad veteran, offers contacts to other causes and conflicts, however. "Our main objective is to help Muslims all over the world secure their freedom. We have received thousands of volunteers to fight in Kashmir, Bosnia, Tajikistan and Chechenia. Jihad is, after all, an obligation on all Muslims." It was through Harakat al Ansar's conduit for would-be martyrs that the young east London Pakistani, Ahmed Sheikh, was reported to have passed. The former London School of Economics student now faces charges of kidnapping two British tourists in India. Mufti Iqbal, the Karachi recruiter, denies any knowledge of him. Harakat al Ansar says it has several hundred foreign Muslims who have come to "learn". Among the volunteers are Pakistanis, black American Muslims, Arabs, Indians, Afghans, and even one Canadian. The movement's officials deny they offer military training, saying such skills are acquired at the front line. But Western diplomats in Karachi say they have a well-established camp in Miranshahr, a remote area bordering neighbouring Afghanistan. The rent-a-jihad service is just one of the avenues available in Pakistan to young Muslims from all over the world who seek to grow in their religion and get an insight into the growing list of conflicts in which Muslims find themselves in, against oppressive Western-backed governments and the Christian world. For such Muslims, Pakistan offers a number of attractions. It is a cheap, police are bribeable, arms all too easily available, and in whole chunks of the country government officials rarely venture. The tribal areas function as playgrounds for the heroin and weapons mafia. Here you can buy vital necessities for a terrorist movement. Moreover, some of the causes espoused by religious groups enjoy government support. Throughout the interview with Mufti Iqbal, a man sat beside him on the floor, prompting his answers. He claimed he was from a Pakistani news agency. "It's the ISI man" laughed my local newspaper colleague as we left. "He is his minder". ISI is the acronym for the Inter-Services Intelligence, one of Pakistan's main intelligence agencies. It has many rivals, but none enjoys the covert power of the ISI. That power is the product of the multi-billion-dollar war effort launched by the West at the beginning of the eighties to fight communism in Afghanistan. Today, its main focus is Kashmir. Afghanistan was the West's last war against the Soviet Union. More than $ 10 billion was ploughed into this "heroic" cause by the US, Britain and Saudi Arabia. An early agreement in the conflict between America's CIA and the ISI made the Pakistani agency the sole channel for the billions of dollars worth of arms to the jihad. This gave the agency an unprecedented influence in both Pakistan and Afghanistan, which lingers to this day. Headed by General Hamid Gul, working under General Zia ul-Haq, ISI established the seven guerrilla groups known as the mojahedin. Today, the mojahedin groups have become little more than heroin warlords. In Pakistani internal politics, ISI functions as an instrument of the government in power, drumming up evidence against opponents and making and un-making political parties. Embarrassingly, some of its creations are thought to be behind the recent killing sprees in Karachi, including possibly the shooting last month of two US embassy officials. ISI's Afghan jihad operation was also a siren call to militant Muslims in the Middle and Far East. The agency turned a blind eye to the thousands who flocked to Afghanistan for military training. Afghanistan became a playground for any disgruntled Muslim who felt oppressed. Today, veterans of the Afghan war dominate terrorist groups in Algeria and Egypt, and they remain a latent and feared force in the Gulf states. A number of Arab veterans of the Afghan war are facing trial in New York for suspected involvement in the bombing of the World Trade Centre in 1993. The latest suspect to join them in the New York courtroom is Ramzi Youssef, said to be the master bomber. If Western intelligence sources are to be believed, Ramzi Youssef was one of the world's most dangerous terrorists. However, it is still unclear whether he is a Pakistani Baluch, a Kuwaiti or an Iraqi. Since his arrest, many stories have grown up around him. He was known to have travelled to Manila, allegedly to kill the Pope on his tour there. It is not just abroad that Youssef was allegedly active. Benazir Bhutto, Pakistan's prime minister, told journalists last month that he was also behind an attempt to assassinate her in 1993. Pakistani press reports have linked him with the Sunni extremist group Sepah Sehaba, believed to be behind dozens of killings of Shias in Karachi, and also a bombing in Iran. Today the Arab route to training grounds in Afghanistan has virtually ceased to exist. Dozens of Arab mojahedin have been arrested and hundreds more have fled. It has become virtual grounds for arrest to be an Arab and an Afghan veteran and still live in Pakistan. It is not just Arabs who have been subjected to the police's tactic of rounding up the usual suspects. Last week, offices of the region's oldest and largest Islamic group, the Jamaat Islami, were raided in the police effort to root out militants. The crackdown on militants preceded the vital trip to the United States this week by Ms Bhutto. For her, it is the most important trip of her administration, one in which she will attempt to portray herself as the only reliable partner Washington and the West has to fight fundamentalism in the region. Only last year, Pakistan narrowly avoided being put on the American list of states sponsoring terrorism. But in the effort to clean militants out of Pakistan and brush up the country's image, Ms Bhutto risks all. Gen Hamid Gul, the former head of ISI, warns that if these arrests continue, a typhoon will hit Pakistan. "What is a fundamentalist anyway? A man with a beard? If the state machinery goes after what it calls extremists, then the reaction could be very very nasty. Inflation, the effects of IMF policies - if mixed with a danger to the faith - could be very dangerous for the country," he says. Naturally, the first beneficiary of such a backlash would be groups Gen Gul is associated with. The former intelligence chief is said to be a key figure behind the increasingly political campaign by the former playboy-cricketer Imran Khan. Another beneficiary of any reaction from Muslim groups is Ms Bhutto's long-standing rival, the Lahore businessman Nawaz Sharif. Mr Sharif has already been able to accuse her of attacking Islam to appease the Americans. Unwittingly or not, Ms Bhutto has provided her opponents with potent slogans. It is not just on the parliamentary front that dangers lurk for Ms Bhutto. Kashmir is a cause supported by both the ISI and the army, two institutions which Ms Bhutto has to live with. India accuses both of training and arming the Kashmiri militants. Western diplomats believe that help is being organised by renegade elements in the ISI and the army. Figures such as Gen Gul continue to be admired in military circles for their devotion to Islamic causes. In the past year, Ms Bhutto has been trying to clean out Jamaat Islami sympathisers in the intelligence service through her new ISI chief and loyalist, Javed Ashraf. Jamaat officials shrug off such changes, saying that in the end Ms Bhutto has to do "her duty" towards Kashmir. Publicly, Pakistani officials have consistently denied that they are arming and training the militants. However, few Pakistanis would bother to deny that the militants are able to buy weapons freely or that they are helped to cross over to the Indian-controlled part of Kashmir. Any attack on these delicate covert mechanisms by Ms Bhutto would lead to charges that the prime minister is not only against Islam but against Pakistan's national cause, Kashmir. During the last 15 months she has made her support for the cause a central platform from which to reaffirm all her Islamic credentials. Rarely does she make a speech without mentioning Kashmir and Islam in the same breath. In private, her diplomats wonder why Pakistan cannot consider the unthinkable third option - supporting total independence for Kashmiris from both India and Pakistan. That way, they argue, the fundamentalist groups and the role of the intelligence agencies, can be wiped away in one go. Gen Gul argues that if the West is really interested in curbing the terrorism carried out in the name of Kashmir, it should try to resolve the conflict, rather than fighting its symptoms. Meanwhile, the prime minister's crackdown on militants is getting closer to the groups and rent-a-jihad services that the Kashmir cause has created. Ms Bhutto may find she can go only so far. It is a dilemma which even her friends in Washington cannot help her with. -- Louis Proyect, lnp3@panix.com on 09/15/2001 Marxism list: http://www.marxmail.org
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