ROYAL COMMISSION on CLIMATE CHANGE

'Recklessly causing large-scale disruptions to climate by burning fossil
fuels will affect all countries. It is the poorest that would suffer most.'

the new Royal Commission report is downloadable at:


http://www.rcep.org.uk/energy.html

The report warns that increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse
gases, particularly carbon dioxide, will have serious impacts on the world's
climate (Chapter 2, paragraphs 2.27-2.35). It concludes that there is a
moral imperative to act now to curb emissions (Chapter 4, paragraphs
4.18-4.20), and proposes that carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere should
not be allowed to exceed 550ppmv - double the level prior to
industrialisation (Chapter 4, paragraphs 4.32-4.34).

Mark Jones
http://www.egroups.com/group/CrashList
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ROYAL COMMISSION
ON ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION
NEWS RELEASE
 Friday 16 June 2000


----------------------------------------------------------------------------
----

ROYAL COMMISSION CALLS FOR TRANSFORMATION IN THE UK'S USE OF ENERGY TO
COUNTER CLIMATE CHANGE


As a contribution to global efforts to prevent climate change running out of
control, the United Kingdom should plan for a reduction of 60% over the next
50 years in the amounts of carbon dioxide it produces by burning fossil
fuels. This is one of the key conclusions of a major report published today
by the Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution. The report - Energy -
The Changing Climate - explores what that will mean for industry and
ordinary households, and how government policies need to change.

Speaking at Westminster this morning, the Chairman of the Royal Commission,
Sir Tom Blundell, said:


'Recklessly causing large-scale disruptions to climate by burning fossil
fuels will affect all countries. It is the poorest that would suffer most.
We cannot expect other nations to do their part in countering this threat -
least of all if they are much less wealthy - unless we demonstrate we are
really serious about it.'
The UK has already played a leading role in international negotiations, and
the Royal Commission thinks it can, and should, continue to do so. The
amounts of carbon dioxide the UK emits are now significantly lower than in
1990, but much of the progress so far has been fortuitous.. The Commission
welcomes the government's goal of a 20% reduction from the 1990 level by
2010 as a major step in the right direction. It recommends that this should
become a firm target, but expresses doubts whether the measures at present
proposed will achieve it. The UK lags far behind many other European
countries in developing the renewable energy technologies that will become
much more important in future, and in the very inefficient ways heat is
supplied to homes.
The primary purpose of the report is to look much further ahead than the
UK's draft Climate Change Programme. The Commission highlights the
difficulties there will be in maintaining a 20% reduction beyond 2010, let
alone making much larger reductions. It emphasises the need to start now on
making reduction of carbon dioxide emissions a key factor in the planning
and design of power stations and buildings of all types, many of which will
still be in use in 2050. Ways have to be found of achieving sustainable
solutions within liberalised energy markets, in which the emphasis has so
far been on minimising price per unit in order to maximise sales of energy.

At the moment, use of energy, predominantly in the form of oil, gas or coal,
is continuing to increase, both worldwide and in the UK. The Royal
Commission has investigated:


the scope over the next 50 years for replacing fossil fuels by expanding the
UK's use of renewable energy sources, such as wind power, solar energy and
energy crops. Their use will have to expand to well beyond the 10% of
electricity generation which the government has suggested as a target for
2010
whether nuclear power could be part of the solution. Nuclear waste will
first have to be dealt with to the satisfaction of the scientific community
and the general public. People are unlikely to accept new nuclear power
stations unless they are part of a strategy that also delivers radical
improvements in energy efficiency and an equal opportunity for deploying
renewable energy sources that can compete in terms of costs and reduced
environmental impacts
the potential for reducing the large losses within the energy system,
especially the large amounts of heat wasted at power stations
the potential for industry, households and motorists to make much more
efficient use of energy
the possibility that some of the carbon dioxide produced when fossil fuels
are burnt could be recovered and piped safely away into geological
formations under the seabed.
To show the scale of the changes required to achieve a 60% reduction in UK
carbon dioxide emissions, the Royal Commission describes four scenarios for
2050 representing various combinations of these approaches. It emphasises
that these scenarios are illustrative. But all of them involve a reversal of
the previous trend of growing energy use, and in three of them the total
amount of energy used would have to be much less than today.

Some of the scenarios might involve significant changes in lifestyles. All
involve constructing many new energy installations, with resulting impacts
on the environment. The challenge climate change poses for the world is so
fundamental however that a complete transformation in the UK's use of energy
will be an essential part of an effective global response.

The Royal Commission's report makes 87 recommendations. Many of them are
addressed to the devolved administrations in Scotland, Wales and Northern
Ireland as well as to the government at Westminster. Among the 19 key
recommendations are:


a long-term programme to cut considerably the energy used in buildings of
all types
creation of a Sustainable Energy Agency to boost energy efficiency in all
sectors and link that to the rapid development of renewable energy sources
a tax on fuels that give rise to carbon dioxide emissions (preferably
Europe-wide), replacing the government's planned energy tax on industry and
business
using the resulting revenue to reduce fuel poverty, as well as boost new and
more sustainable technologies
a fundamental review of the financing, management and regulation of
electricity networks (like the national grid), in order to encourage
renewable energy sources and combined heat and power plants, serving whole
neighbourhoods or even individual houses
Quadrupling government support for energy-related research and development
to bring it in line with the present EU average. Government expenditure on R
& D fell by more than 80% between 1987 and 1998, and private sector spending
appears to have fallen too.
Sir Tom Blundell said:

'Energy policies must command public assent and be compatible with an
improving quality of life. If UK industry is to remain competitive, it has
to shape up to the very different world that lies ahead. We also have to
overcome the particular UK problem that, because of inadequate insulation,
several million people cannot afford to keep their homes comfortably warm in
winter.'
He added:

'The problems are complex and there are no easy answers. We hope the
analysis and recommendations in our report will begin the wide debate that
will be essential if the UK and the whole world community are to rise
successfully to the radical challenge that climate change is now posing.'
NOTES TO EDITORS:

The Royal Commission on Environmental Pollution is an independent body,
appointed by the Queen and funded by the government, which publishes
in-depth reports on what it identifies as the crucial environmental issues
facing the UK and the world.

The Royal Commission's reports are presented to Parliament. Energy - the
changing climate is its 22nd report, and is the outcome of a major study,
announced in August 1997, which reviewed energy prospects for the 21st
century and their environmental implications. It focuses on the need to
reduce considerably over the next 50 years the UK's emissions of carbon
dioxide from burning fossil fuels, as part of global efforts to prevent
climate change running out of control.

The report offers 19 key recommendations (pages 199-200) and 68 other
recommendations (pages 201-207). The following list provides pointers to
where some of the most significant topics are dealt with in the text of the
full report:

The need to reduce carbon dioxide emissions: The report warns that
increasing atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gases, particularly
carbon dioxide, will have serious impacts on the world's climate (Chapter 2,
paragraphs 2.27-2.35). It concludes that there is a moral imperative to act
now to curb emissions (Chapter 4, paragraphs 4.18-4.20), and proposes that
carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere should not be allowed to exceed
550ppmv - double the level prior to industrialisation (Chapter 4, paragraphs
4.32-4.34).

Future international agreements on climate change: The Royal Commission
supports the concept of 'contraction and convergence' as the best basis for
future international action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions. This concept
would entitle citizens of every nation, wealthy or poor, to emit the same
quantities of climate-changing pollution. There should, however, be an
adjustment period in which the per capita emissions of developed and
developing nations converge on the same level (Chapter 4, paragraphs
4.47-4.50). The UK would have to reduce its emissions by 60% by 2050
(Chapter 4, paragraph 4.51 and table 4.1). National quotas calculated on the
basis of contraction and convergence should be combined with international
trading in emission permits (Chapter 4, paragraphs 4.53-4.54).


Why the UK should act: Climate change can only be tackled by effective
world-wide action. But the UK must continue to show leadership in global
efforts to combat climate change. By adopting convincing long-term
strategies to reduce carbon dioxide emissions, the UK and EU can strengthen
the prospects that other developed and developing nations will also sign up
to future climate change agreements (Chapter 4, paragraphs 4.55-4.70).

The government's draft Climate Change Programme: The report assesses the
likely effectiveness of measures set out in the government's draft programme
(Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.46-5.60). It suggests that they may be insufficient
to deliver the government's goal of reducing carbon dioxide emissions by 20%
from their 1990 level by 2010.

The need for a carbon tax: The Commission argues that the government's
climate change levy, which will tax downstream use of energy, should be
replaced by an upstream tax on the carbon content of fuels (Chapter 6,
paragraphs 6.155-6.169). Such a carbon tax - which would preferably be
introduced at a European level - would apply to all sectors. The first call
on the revenues from the tax should be to reduce fuel poverty, with the
remainder being used to boost energy efficiency, develop alternative energy
sources and reduce adverse impacts on UK industrial competitiveness (Chapter
10, paragraphs 10.25-10.32).

The future of nuclear power: All but one of the UK's nuclear reactors will
close within 25 years. Within five years, the government should set out how
it intends to prevent this from causing an increase in emissions of carbon
dioxide (Chapter 10, paragraph 10.12). New nuclear stations are not
indispensable in delivering long-term emission reductions - energy
efficiency measures, renewable energy sources and capture and disposal of
carbon dioxide from fossil fuel-fired power stations could all be viable
alternatives. No reactors should be built until the problem of radioactive
waste management has been solved to the satisfaction of both the scientific
community and the general public (Chapter 7, paragraphs 7.11-7.19 and
Chapter 10, paragraph 10.29).

A Sustainable Energy Agency: The Commission sees considerable scope to
improve arrangements to promote energy efficiency and the development of
renewable energy sources. It recommends that a new Sustainable Energy Agency
be set up to co-ordinate the task (Chapter 10, paragraphs 10.44-10.48).

Changing housing: The report calls for a wide range of action to reduce the
energy used in domestic housing. Measures would include higher energy
efficiency standards for new housing; energy efficiency programmes for
existing housing, particularly aimed at reducing fuel poverty; measures to
promote district heating networks; greater use of heat pumps, solar water
heating and combined heat and power plants; and improvements in efficiency
of electrical appliances (Chapter 6, paragraphs 6.70-6.106).

Transport: The Commission welcomes the government's Transport White Paper,
which set out policies in line with many of the recommendations in its 18th
and 20th reports. But it is disappointed at slow progress in implementing
the measures required to curb traffic growth and regrets that successive
governments have not devoted more of the revenues from the fuel duty
escalator to developing alternatives to car use (Chapter 6, paragraphs
6.107-6.128).

Transforming the electricity grid: The electricity grid needs to be
transformed to accommodate much greater number of small-scale, local
generators, many using renewable energy sources and many feeding into
district heating networks. Many of these plants will have intermittent or
unpredictable output. The electricity distribution system will need to
undergo major changes to cope with these developments (Chapter 8, paragraphs
8.42-8.64).

Research and development: Government spending on energy-related R&D has
fallen sharply - the UK spends less as a proportion of GDP than almost any
other developed nation (Chapter 5, paragraphs 5.61-5.62). This trend must be
reversed if we are to develop new energy systems to counter the threat of
climate change (Chapter 10, paragraphs 10.53-10.66).

Energy use in 2050: Chapter 9 of the report offers four illustrative
scenarios showing how the UK could cut emissions of carbon dioxide by 60% by
2050. Each scenario puts different emphasis on the role of energy efficiency
measures, renewable energy sources, and large power stations using nuclear
power or fossil fuels. In the latter case, emissions of carbon dioxide would
be captured and disposed of in geological formations under the sea bed.

The need for a long-term strategy: Chapter 10 of the report explains why a
long-term strategy is needed to deal with the threat of climate change. It
draws together many of the report's findings to set out a vision of what
such a strategy might contain.





Energy - the changing climate is available from the Stationery Office (Cm
4749, price £27.00), or the full text of the report can be downloaded free
of charge from the Commission's website. Because the Commission believes the
issues raised are of concern to everybody, it has produced a free summary of
the report, and is sending this to every secondary school, public library,
university and college in the United Kingdom. This summary is also available
on the Commission's website. Up to 10 copies of the printed version can be
obtained without charge from Rosemary Ferguson (tel: 020 7273 6637, fax: 020
7273 6640, e-mail: rosemary.ferguson@rcep.org.uk).